Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Study population and eligibility criteria
Variables and measurements
Patient-reported outcomes
Statistical analyses
Results
Patients’ characteristics
non-PICS (N = 35) | PICS (N = 61) | P value | Overall (N = 192) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 75 [64–79] | 74 [59–81.5] | 0.77 | 74 [64–81] |
Male, N (%) | 25 (71.4) | 43 (70.5) | 0.92 | 125 (65.1) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.9 [19.5–24.4] | 22.8 [19.7–25.3]a | 0.21 | 21.9 [19.5–25.0]b |
APACHE II score | 21 [18–25] | 20 [14.5–25] | 0.14 | 23 [18–28] |
SOFA score | 7 [4–10] | 8 [5–10] | 0.21 | 8 [6–11] |
Charlson comorbidity index | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 0.9 | 1 [0–3] |
Clinical frailty scale | 3 [2–4]a | 3 [2–4] | 0.67 | 3 [3, 4]a |
DNAR status at ICU admission, N (%) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.3) | 1 | 15 (7.8) |
Educational level, N (%) | N = 33* | N = 60* | 0.098 | N = 177 |
≤ 9 years | 3 (9.1) | 15 (25) | 49 (27.7) | |
> 9 years | 30 (91.0) | 45 (75) | 128 (72.3) | |
Employment status, N (%) | N = 34* | N = 61* | 0.16 | N = 188 |
Student | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.1) | |
Employed or self-employed | 11 (32.4) | 23 (37.7) | 60 (31.9) | |
Unemployed | 3 (8.8) | 11 (18) | 41 (21.8) | |
Housework | 2 (5.9) | 8 (13.1) | 21 (11.2) | |
Retired | 18 (52.9) | 19 (31.2) | 64 (34.0) | |
Marital status, N (%) | 0.64 | |||
Married | 25 (71.4) | 39 (63.9) | 119 62.0) | |
Separated or divorced | 1 (2.9) | 6 (9.8) | 16 (8.3) | |
Widowed | 5 (14.3) | 9 (15.8) | 37 (19.3) | |
Unmarried | 4 (11.4) | 7 (11.5) | 20 (10.4) | |
Patient's residential living status, N (%) | 0.25 | |||
Lived alone at home | 3 (8.6) | 12 (19.7) | 33 (17.2) | |
Lived with someone else | 32 (91.4) | 48 (78.7) | 152 (79.2) | |
Nursing home | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | 7 (3.6) | |
History of treatment with benzodiazepines, N (%) | 3 (8.6) | 7 (11.5) | 0.74 | 18 (9.4) |
History of treatment with steroids, N (%) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (6.6) | 1 | 35 (18.2) |
Source of admission to ICU, N (%) | 0.19 | |||
Emergency department | 20 (57.1) | 23 (37.7) | 95 (49.5) | |
Hospital floor | 5 (14.3) | 16 (26.2) | 45 (23.4) | |
Another hospital | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | |
Operating room (elective) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | 4 (2.1) | |
Operating room (emergency) | 9 (25.7) | 21 (34.4) | 45 (23.4) | |
Primary diagnosis at the time of admission in ICU, N (%) | 0.075 | |||
Cardiogenic | 2 (5.7) | 13 (21.3) | 25 (13.0) | |
Acute respiratory failure | 18 (51.4) | 16 (26.2) | 67 (34.9) | |
Infection | 8 (22.9) | 13 (21.3) | 56 (29.2) | |
Trauma | 3 (8.6) | 8 (13.1) | 16 (8.3) | |
Others | 4 (11.4) | 11 (18) | 28 (14.6) | |
ARDS, N (%) | 5 (14.3) | 12 (19.7) | 0.51 | 35 (18.2) |
Sepsis, N (%) | 11 (31.4) | 20 (32.8) | 0.89 | 79 (41.1) |
Management in ICU, N (%) | ||||
Inotrope/vasopressor | 27 (77.1) | 50 (82.0) | 0.6 | 148 (77.1) |
Paralytic agent | 3 (8.6) | 9 (14.8) | 0.53 | 24 (12.5) |
Renal replacement therapy in ICU | 6 (17.1) | 6 (9.8) | 0.34 | 40 (20.8) |
ECMO in ICU | 0 (0) | 4 (6.6) | 0.29 | 7 (3.6) |
IABP in ICU | 0 (0) | 3 (4.9) | 0.3 | 6 (3.1) |
Tracheostomy | 4 (11.4) | 9 (14.8) | 0.76 | 29 (15.1) |
Hospital outcomes
non-PICS (N = 35) | PICS (N = 61) | P value | Overall (N = 192) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality | ||||
ICU mortality | NA | NA | 15 (7.8) | |
Hospital mortality | NA | NA | 33 (17.2) | |
6-Month mortality | NA | NA | 48 (29.6)a | |
ICU length of stay (days) | 7 [5–12] | 7 [5–13] | 0.78 | 7 [5–14] |
Hospital length of stay (days) | 28 [17–47] | 39 [19–71.5] | 0.10 | 33.5 [19–61.8] |
Days of mechanical ventilation | 5 [3–7] | 5 [3–11] | 0.96 | 6 [3–11] |
Delirium, N (%) | 11 (31.4) | 20 (32.8) | 0.89 | 61 (31.8) |
Discharged from hospital among survivors, N (%) | 0.026 | N = 159 | ||
Home | 22 (62.9) | 24 (39.3) | 71 (44.7) | |
Another facility | 13 (37.1) | 37 (60.1) | 87 (54.7) | |
Nursing home | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
Patient-reported outcomes at 6 months
SF-36 score
SMQ score
PICS
OR (95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|
Ln (Age) | 0.33 (0.036–2.4) | 0.28 |
Ln (APACHE II score) | 0.31 (0.067–1.1) | 0.081 |
Ln (Charlson comorbidity index + 1)* | 1.3 (0.62–2.8) | 0.28 |
Population with mandatory 9-year education | 4.0 (1.1–18.8) | 0.029 |